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Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
The Zimbabwean cholera outbreak was a cholera epidemic that originated in Zimbabwe in August 2008, swept across the country and spread to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. By 10 January 2010 there had been 98,741 reported cases and 4,293 deaths making it the deadliest African cholera outbreak since 1993.〔(), Retrieved on 19 April 2008.〕 The Zimbabwean government declared the outbreak a national emergency and requested international aid. Although the epidemic was contained by late 2009, the poor condition of sanitation in Zimbabwe remains a matter of regional concern.〔http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/11/19/zimbabwe-warned-onriskofcholeraoutbreak.html〕
== Cause ==
The principal cause of the 2008 outbreak was lack of access to safe water in urban areas and communities. Zimbabwe's two main cities are located on watershed divides, so that water draining out of the city flows into the drinking water sources, all of which are physically located downstream of these return flows.〔http://www.environment.co.za/documents/water/KeynoteAddressCSIR2008.pdf〕 This was exacerbated by the collapse of the urban water supply, sanitation〔 and garbage collection systems,〔 along with the onset of the rainy season leading to faeces with cholera bacteria being washed into water sources, in particular public drains,〔 as well as providing readily available but contaminated water. Due to a shortage of purification chemicals, such as chlorine, the capital city of Harare stopped receiving piped water on 1 December 2008.〔 〕 By that date, many suburbs had not had any water supply for much longer.〔 On 4 December 2008, the Zimbabwe deputy minister for water and infrastructural development stated that there were only sufficient treatment chemicals in stock nationally for 12 weeks supply. The collapse of these systems was blamed on the then-current economic crisis;〔 many households cannot afford fuel to boil water.〔 According to Médecins Sans Frontières, the spread of cholera from urban to rural areas from December 2008 onwards was due to infected city-dwellers visiting their families' rural homes for Christmas and the burial of infected city-dwellers in rural areas. In an investigation in mid-December 2008, Physicians For Human Rights assessed the complicated circumstances surrounding the collapse of Zimbabwe's public health system, which had once been a model for southern Africa.〔Physicians for Human Rights. "Health in Ruins: A Man-Made Disaster in Zimbabwe". https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/health-in-ruins-zim-full-2009.pdf. Retrieved 28 February 2012.〕
The 2008 cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe had an unusually high fatality rate; Oxfam attributed the high mortality to a population "seriously weakened by hunger, HIV and AIDS".〔 A major contributing factor to the severity of the outbreak was the collapse of Zimbabwe's public health system, declared a national emergency on 4 December 2008. By the end of November 2008, three of Zimbabwe's four major hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working. Zimbabwean hospitals still open by December 2008 lacked medicines and staff. Due to hyperinflation, hospitals were not able to buy basic drugs and medicines, and the resources of even internationally funded emergency clinics were stretched.〔 The ongoing political and economic crisis contributed to the emigration of doctors and people with medical knowledge. Some victims were travelling to Botswana and other neighbouring countries for treatment.
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